A business jet, private jet, or bizjet, or simply B.J., is a jet aircraft designed for transporting small groups of people. Business jets may be adapted for other roles, such as the evacuation of casualties or express parcel deliveries, and some are used by public bodies, government officials or the armed forces.
History
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1950s first flight
The Lockheed JetStar, seating ten passengers and two crew, first flew on 4 September 1957. 204 aircraft were produced from 1957 to 1978, powered by four 3,300 pounds-force (15Â kN) Pratt & Whitney JT12 turbojets, then Garrett TFE731 turbofans for a 44,500 pounds (20.2Â t) MTOW, then two General Electric CF700 turbofans.
The smaller, 17,760 pounds (8.06Â t) MTOW North American Sabreliner first flew on 16 September 1958. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT12 turbojet engines then Garrett TFE731, more than 800 were produced from 1959 to 1982.
1960s first flight
The 25,000 pounds (11Â t) MTOW British Aerospace 125 first flew on 13 August 1962, powered by two 3,000 pounds-force (13Â kN) Armstrong Siddeley Viper turbojets. Its engine were replaced by Garrett TFE731, then Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300 turbofans. Almost 1,700 aircraft were produced between 1962 and 2013 after being marketed as the Hawker 800.
The 23,500 pounds (10.7Â t) MTOW IAI Westwind, developed by Aero Commander, first flew on 27 January 1963, powered by two General Electric CJ610 turbojets, then Garrett TFE731. 442 were built from 1965 to 1987 and it was developed in the IAI Astra, re-branded as the Gulfstream G100.
The 29,000 pounds (13Â t) MOTW Dassault Falcon 20 first flew on 4 May 1963, powered by two General Electric CF700, then Garrett ATF3 turbofans and Garrett TFE731. From 1963 to 1988, 508 were built and it is the basis of the Dassault Falcon family.
The first light jet first flew on 7 October 1963Â : the Learjet 23. Powered by two 2,850 pounds-force (12.7Â kN) General Electric CJ610, its 12,500 pounds (5.7Â t) MTOW complies with FAR Part 23 regulations. 104 were built between 1962 and 1966 and it is the first member of the Learjet Family.
The forward wing sweep, 20,280 pounds (9.20Â t) MOTW Hamburger Flugzeugbau HFB 320 Hansa Jet first flew on 21 April 1964, powered by two General Electric CJ610, 47 were built between 1965 and 1973. The joint Piaggo-Douglas, 18,000 pounds (8.2Â t) MOTW Piaggio PD.808 first flew on 29 August 1964, powered by two Armstrong Siddeley Vipers, 24 were built for the Italian Air Force.
On 2 October 1966 the first large business jet first flew, the 65,500 pounds (29.7Â t) MTOW Grumman Gulfstream II, powered by two 11,400 pounds-force (51Â kN) Rolls-Royce Spey turbofans. From 1967 to the late 70s, 258 were built and it led to the ongoing Gulfstream Aerospace long range family.
The 11,850 pounds (5.38Â t) MTOW Cessna Citation I first flew on 15 September 1969, powered by two 2,200 pounds-force (9.8Â kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D turbofans. Produced between 1969 and 1985 at 689 samples, it is the first of the Cessna Citation family.
1970s first flight
The trijet Dassault Falcon 50 made its first flight the 7 November 1976. The 40,000 pounds (18Â t) MTOW airplane is powered by three 3,700 pounds-force (16Â kN) TFE731. With the cross-section of the Falcon 20, it is the basis of the larger Falcon 900.
On 8 November 1978, the prototype Canadair Challenger took off. The 43,000â€"48,000 pounds (20â€"22 t) MTOW craft, usually powered by two 9,200 pounds-force (41 kN) General Electric CF34, the basis of the long range Global Express family and of the Bombardier CRJ regional airliners. The 1000th Challenger has entered service in 2015.
On May 30, 1979 took off the clean-sheet 22,000 pounds (10.0Â t) MTOW Cessna Citation III powered by two 3,650 pounds-force (16.2Â kN) TFE731, basis of the larger Citation X.
The Mitsubishi MU-300 Diamond made its first flight on 29 August 1978. The 16,100 pounds (7.3Â t) MTOW jet was powered by two 2,900 pounds-force (13Â kN) JT15D. 950 have been produced, it was renamed Beechjet 400 then Hawker 400.
1980s first flight
The 1980s only saw the introduction of derivatives and no major new design.
1990s first flight
The clean-sheet Learjet 45 took off on 7 October 1995. The 21,500 pounds (9.8Â t) is powered by two 3,500 pounds-force (16Â kN) TFE731. 642 have been made since.
Powered by two 2,300 pounds-force (10Â kN) Williams FJ44, the 12,500 pounds (5.7Â t) Beechcraft Premier I light jet made its first flight on December 22, 1998. Nearly 300 had been made before the production stopped in 2013.
2000s first flight
In the opposite way of Bombardier, Embraer derived the Legacy 600 from the ERJ regional jet family. Powered by two 8,800 pounds-force (39.2Â kN) Rolls-Royce AE 3007, the 50,000 pounds (22.5Â t) plane took off first on March 31, 2001.
On 14 August 2001, the Bombardier Challenger 300 made its first flight. The 38,850 pounds (17.62Â t) aircraft is powered by two 6,825 pounds-force (30.36Â kN) HTF7000. The 500th was been delivered in 2015.
The first very light jet, the 5,950 pounds (2.70Â t) MTOW Eclipse 500, took off on August 26, 2002, powered by two 900 pounds-force (4.0Â kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600. 260 have been produced till 2008.
It was followed by the 8,645 pounds (3.921Â t) MTOW Cessna Citation Mustang on 23 April 2005, powered by two 1,460 pounds-force (6.5Â kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600 and produced at more than 450.
Then the Embraer Phenom 100 made its maiden flight on 26 July 2007. The 10,500 pounds (4.75Â t) MTOW airplane is powered by two 1,600 pounds-force (7.2Â kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600. With its Phenom 300 development, nearly 600 have been made.
New models
After peaking in 2008, deliveries slowed due to political instability but the industry hopes to revive demand by introducing more attractive and competitive new models, four in 2018:
- the 7,400Â nmi (13,700Â km) range Bombardier Global 7000 large-cabin jet, before the 7,900Â nmi (14,600Â km) Global 8000 in 2019;
- the 5,200Â nmi (9,600Â km) large-cabin Gulfstream G500, replacing the G450, then the longer, 6,500Â nmi (12,000Â km) G600 eventually superseding the G550;
- the 3,500Â nmi (6,500Â km) Cessna Citation Longitude super midsize jet;
- the superlight Pilatus PC-24.
Configuration
Though the early Lockheed Jetstar had four, most production business jets have two jet engines, mostly rear-mounted podded engine. If mounted below their low wing, it wouldn't allow sufficient engine clearance without a too long landing gear. The HondaJet is the exception with its over the wing engine pods.
Dassault Falcon still builds three-engine models derived from the Falcon 50, and the very light jets market has seen the introduction of several single-engine designs such as the Cirrus SF50.
Market
On 1 April 2017, there were 22,368 business jets in the worldwide fleet, of which 11.2% were for sale. 5-year old aircraft residual value level is at a 56% of the list price. A new business aircraft depreciate by 50% in five years before depreciation flattens between years 10 and 15, and the owner of a 15 to 20 years old is often the last, matching luxury cars.
About 70% of the fleet was in North America at the end of 2011. The European market is the next largest, with growing activity in the Middle East, Asia, and Central America. In 2015 the total airplane billing amounted to US$21.9 billion, and 718 business jets were delivered to customers across the globe : 199 (27.7%) by Bombardier Aerospace, 166 (23.1%) by Cessna, 154 (21.4%) by Gulfstream Aerospace, 120 (16.7%) by Embraer and 55 (7.7%) by Dassault Falcon.
In October 2017 Jetcraft forecasts 8,349 unit deliveries in the next decade for $252 billion, a 30.2 $M average. Cessna should lead the numbers with 27.3% of the deliveries ahead of Bombardier with 20.9% while Gulfstream would almost lead the revenue market share with 27.8% trailing Bombardier with 29.2%. For 2016-2025, Jetcraft forecasted Pratt & Whitney Canada should be the first engine supplier with 30% of the $24B revenue, in front of the current leader Rolls-Royce at 25%. Honeywell will hold 45% of the avionics $16B revenue ahead of Rockwell Collins with 37% and Garmin.
In 2017 Honeywell predicts 8,600 aircraft to be delivered during the next decade for a total value of $264 Billion. Its breakdown is 57% big (85% in value) - super-midsize to business liner, 18% midsize (8% in value) - light-medium to medium, and 25% small (7% in value); the global demand is expected to come from North America for 61%, 15% from Latin America, 14% from Europe, 6% from Asia-Pacific and 4% from Middle East and Africa.
For the decade starting in 2017, Aviation Week predicts 11,346 deliveries of business aircraft (jets or not) valued at $250.1 billion, with a fleet growing from 31,864 aircraft to 36,702 aircraft (64% in North America): 4,838 more at an average annual growth rate of 1.6%, with 5,835 retirements. For the coming five-year period, Textron Aviation should lead the market with a 22.8% market share, followed by Bombardier with 20.4%, Embraer with 16.6%, Gulfstream with 15%, Dassault with 8.4% then the rest of manufacturers with 16.9%. There should be 22,190 Engine deliveries, led by the Honeywell HTF7000, Williams FJ44, Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A Medium, Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300 and the Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A Large. The average utilization should be 365 flight hours per aircraft per year.
In 2017, 676 business jets were shipped, led by Gulfstream with $6.56 Billion for 120 aircraft, Bombardier with $5.2 Billion for 140, Cessna with $2.87 Billion (including propeller aircraft and 180 jets), Dassault with $2.42 Billion for 49 and Embraer with $1.35 Billion for 109.
A 2010 study by the National Business Aviation Association found that small and midsize companies that use private jets produce a 219% higher earnings growth rate than those that strictly fly commercial.
Operators
There are three basic types of operators who own, manage and operate private jets.
Flight departments
Flight departments are corporate-owned operators who manage the aircraft of a specific company. Ford Motor Company, Chrysler, and Altria are examples of companies that own, maintain and operate their own fleet of private aircraft for their employees. Flight departments handle all aspects of aircraft operation and maintenance. In the United States, flight-department aircraft operate under FAR 91 operating rules.
Charter companies
Charter operators own or manage private jets for multiple clients. Like traditional flight departments, charter companies handle all aspects of aircraft operation and maintenance. However, they are not aligned with just one corporation. They manage aircraft for a private owner or corporation and also handle the sales of available flight time on the aircraft they own or manage. Maintenance services can also be provided which typically include on-site or mobile repair, major and minor routine inspections, troubleshooting assistance away from base, avionics installation and repair, jet engine and battery service, interior modifications and refurbishment, Inspection Authority (IA) qualified inspectors, aircraft planning and budgetary projections, compliance with service bulletins, aircraft storage management, record keeping and management, technical appraisal of private jet purchases, leases and lease terminations, and Part 91 or Part 135 conformity inspections.
In the United States, business aircraft may be operated under either FAR 91 as private operations for the business purposes of the owner, or under FAR 135 as commercial operations for the business purposes of a third party. One common arrangement for operational flexibility purposes is for the aircraft's owner to operate the aircraft under FAR 91 when needed for its own purposes, and to allow a third-party charter-manager to operate it under FAR 135 when the aircraft is needed for the business purposes of third parties (such as for other entities within the corporate group of the aircraft's owner).
Aircraft charter brokers have entered the marketplace through the ease of setting up a website and business online. Aircraft charter operators are legally responsible for the safe operation of aircraft and charter brokers require no economic authority and are largely unregulated. The Department of Transportation requires that air charter brokers disclose to the consumer that they do not operate aircraft and cannot use terms like "our fleet of aircraft", "we operate", "our charter service" and others.
Fractional ownership
Since 1996 the term "fractional jet" has been used in connection with business aircraft owned by a consortium of companies. Under such arrangements, overhead costs such as flight crew, hangarage and maintenance are split among the users.
Fractional ownership of aircraft involves an individual or corporation who pays an upfront equity share for the cost of an aircraft. If four parties are involved, a partner would pay one-fourth of the aircraft price (a "quarter share"). That partner is now an equity owner in that aircraft and can sell the equity position if necessary. This also entitles the new owner to a certain number of hours of flight time on that aircraft, or any comparable aircraft in the fleet. Additional fees include monthly management fees and incidentals such as catering and ground transportation. In the United States, fractional-ownership operations may be regulated by either FAA part 91 or part 135.
Surveillance
With smaller equipment, long-range business aircraft can be modified in surveillance aircraft to perform specialized missions cost-effectively, from ground surveillance to maritime patrol:
- the 99,500 lb (45,100 kg), 6,000 nmi Bombardier Global 6000 is the platform for the USAF Northrop Grumman E-11A Battlefield Airborne Communications Node, the radar-carrying ground-surveillance Raytheon Sentinel for the UK Royal Air Force, and Saab’s Globaleye AEW&C carrying its Erieye AESA radar as UK's Marshall ADG basis for Elint/Sigint for the United Arab Emirates; it is also the base for the proposed Saab AB Swordfish MPA and the USAF Lockheed Martin J-Stars Recap battlefield-surveillance program, while IAI's ELI-3360 MPA is based on the Global 5000;
- The 91,000 lb (41,000 kg), 6,750 nmi Gulfstream G550 was selected for the IAI EL/W-2085 Conformal Airborne Early Warning AESA radar for Italy, Singapore and Israel (which also has IAI Sigint G550s) while L3 Technologies transfers the U.S. Compass Call electronic-attack system to the G550 CAEW-based EC-37B, like the NC-37B range-support aircraft, and will modify others for Australia’s AISREW program, Northrop Grumman proposes the G550 for the J-Stars Recap;
- Dassault Aviation developed the Falcon 900 MPA and Falcon 2000 Maritime Multirole Aircraft for France (which delayed its Avsimar requirement), South Korea and the Japan Coast Guard with a mission system developed with L3 and Thales Group;
- Embraer delivered several EMB-145s as a platform for AEW&C, MPA and multi-intelligence;
- the Beechcraft King Air 350ER is a platform for ISR versions, including L3’s Spyder II and Sierra Nevada Corp.’s Scorpion and as the MC-12W for the U.S. Army.
Classes
Business jets can be categorized according to their size.
Very light jets
The very light jet (VLJ) is a classification initiated by the release of the Eclipse 500, on December 31, 2006, which was originally available at around US$1.5 million, cheaper than existing business jets and comparable with turboprop airplanes. It accompanied a bubble for air taxi services, exemplified by DayJet which ceased operations on September 2008, Eclipse Aviation failed to sustain its business model and filed for bankruptcy in February 2009.
Cessna simultaneously developed the Citation Mustang, a six-place twinjet (2 crew + 4 passengers), followed by the Embraer Phenom 100 and the Honda Jet. They have a maximum takeoff weight lighter than the FAR Part 23 12,500 pounds limit, and are approved for single-pilot operation. They typically accommodate 5-7 passengers over a 965 nmi average range, with a $3.6M mean price. Some VLJs such as the Eclipse and Mustang have no or limited lavatory facilities.
Light jets
Light jets have been a staple of the business jet industry since the advent of the Learjet 23 in the early 1960s. They provide access to small airports and the speed to be an effective air travel tool. Aircraft of this class include:
- Beechcraft Premier
- Cessna CitationJet/CJ1/2/3
- Cessna Citation II/Bravo/Ultra/Encore
- Hawker 400
- Learjet 31
- Learjet 40,
- Phenom 300
They typically accommodate 6-8 passengers over a 1953 nmi average range, with a $9.1M mean price.
Mid-size jets
These aircraft are suitable for longer-range travel such as transcontinental flights and for travel with larger passenger capacity requirements. Aircraft of this class include:
- Citation Excel/XLS(+),
- Hawker 800/750/850/900/1000,
- Learjet 45
- Learjet 60.
They typically accommodate 9 passengers over a 2435 nmi average range, with a $15M mean price.
Super mid-size jets
Super mid-size jets feature wide-body cabin space, high-altitude capability, speed, and long range. These jets combine transatlantic capability with the speed and comfort of a wide-body, high-altitude aircraft. Aircraft of this class include:
- Challenger 300/350
- Citation Sovereign
- Citation X
- Falcon 50
- Gulfstream G200/G250
- Hawker 4000
They typically accommodate 10-11 passengers over a 3282 nmi average range, with a $22.5M mean price:
Large jets
- Challenger 600
- Falcon 2000(ER)
- Falcon 900
- Legacy 600/650
They typically accommodate 13-14 passengers over a 4365 nmi average range, with a $37.8M mean price.
At 102Â in (259Â cm), the G650ER has the widest cabin yet but should be joined by the Falcon 5X (a Global 5000/G500 competitor) and its replacement, and the 4,500Â nmi (8,300Â km) Citation Hemisphere in 2021; at 98Â in (249Â cm), the Global 7000/8000 is wider than the 95Â in (241Â cm) Global 5000/6000, the same as the Gulfstream G500/G600 and the Canadair Challenger, while the Dassault Falcon 8X is 92Â in (234Â cm) wide and the G450/G550 88Â in (224Â cm).
Including long range jets:
- Falcon 7X
- Global Express/5000/6000
- Gulfstream IV/G350/G450
- Gulfstream V/G500/G550
- Gulfstream G650(ER)
They typically accommodate 13-19 passengers over a 6731 nmi average range, with a $63.3M mean price.
VIP airliners
Business airliner can be contracted as bizliner. Airliners converted into business jets are used by sports teams or VIPs with a large entourage or press corps. Such airplanes can face operational restrictions based on runway length or local noise restrictions. They can be the most expensive type of private jet as they provide the greatest space and capabilities.
Aircraft of this class include:
- Airbus Corporate Jets
- Boeing Business Jet
- Embraer Lineage 1000
See also
- Very light jet
- Air Taxi Association
- Air transports of heads of state and government
- Supersonic business jet
References
Further reading
- "Business Jet Aircraft Industry: Structure and Factors Affecting Competitiveness" (PDF). United States International Trade Commission. April 2012.Â