Pendleton Woolen Mills is an American textile manufacturing company in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is known for its blankets and woolen clothing.
Company origins
Pendleton Woolen Mill Tour - From Fleece to Fabric - Take a tour of the Pendleton Woolen Mills in Washougal, Washington, and Pendleton, Oregon.
The company’s roots began in 1863 when Thomas L. Kay made a transcontinental trek to the west coast and began working in Oregon's woolen mills. He went on to open his own woolen mill, the Thomas Kay Woolen Mill in Salem, Oregon. Kay was an immigrant from England and a weaver by trade. He had worked in various textile mills on the east coast of the United States. Before opening his own mill in Salem, he helped to set up only the second mill in Oregon at Brownsville.
Kay brought his oldest daughter, Fannie Kay, into the business and after learning the operation and management of the mill, she became her father’s assistant. In 1876 Fannie married retail merchant C.P. (Charles Pleasant) Bishop. This proved to be a great benefit to Kay’s company and to the Bishop enterprises in the combination of manufacturing and retail sales. The Bishops passed their expertise and knowledge to their three sons: Clarence, Roy, and (Robert) Chauncey.
In 1909 the family moved to Pendleton in northeastern Oregon and took over the defunct Pendleton Woolen Mills. The town of Pendleton backed the family in their new business venture and the Bishops’ company also took over the name Pendleton Woolen Mills. The move to eastern Oregon made sense for the business because eastern Oregon was sheep country and having wool producers near the mills allowed the mills to significantly cut production costs. The town of Pendleton is a major railhead for the Columbia River Plateau and allowed convenient shipping for the growing business. Pendleton photographer Walter S. Bowman captured early 20th century images of the mill's interior, exterior and its workers.
The old mill taken over by the Bishops had been built in 1893 and had been a wool scouring plant where raw wool is scrubbed and packed before shipping out to the textile mills. In 1895 the mill was enlarged and converted into a textile mill and in 1896 began making Native-American blanketsâ€"geometric patterned robes (unfringed blankets) for Native-American men and shawls (fringed blankets) for Native-American women in the areaâ€"the Umatilla, Cayuse and Walla Walla tribes. That business eventually failed and the plant stood idle until the Bishop family purchased it. When the Bishop assumed ownership, they built a new plant with the help of the town of Pendleton, which issued bonds for the plant's construction.
Blankets
The family resumed the production of Native-American blankets and introduced new designs, colors, and patterns to their product line. They also changed the construction of the mill's Native-American blankets. Prior to 1909 the blankets had round corners. The Bishop blankets featured square corners. Pendleton round corner blankets are highly coveted by vintage Native-American blanket collectors. The company expanded their trade from the local Native-American tribes of the Columbia River area, to the Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples of the American Southwest. To do this, they enlisted the help of designer Joe Rawnsley, who visited tribes to learn their customs and color preferences. Like many other mills of the day, Pendleton emulated the multicolor patterns of candy-stripe blankets, like those found on Hudson's Bay point blankets, for their Glacier National Park blanket. The Pendleton blankets were not only basic wearing apparel, but were standards of trading and ceremonial use.
Expansion
The company began to expand their product line into other woolen products such as clothing. In 1912 the company opened a weaving mill in Washougal, Washington (across the river from Portland) for the production of woolen fabrics used in suits and other clothing.
One of the original three Bishop sons, Clarence Morton Bishopâ€"usually known as “C.M.â€â€"started a new product line of men’s woolen sport shirts in bright colors and patterns. Prior to that time woolen shirts had been considered work shirts and came in mostly dull colors. In 1924 the company began producing men’s woolen sport shirts and by 1929 the company was producing a full line of woolen sportswear.
The second Bishop son, Roy, had left the company in 1918 to form his own company, the Oregon Worsted Company. The third son, Chauncey, died in 1927. This left C.M. with the sole responsibility for management of the Pendleton Woolen Mills.
During World War II, 1941â€"45, Pendleton Woolen Mills devoted most of its production to blankets, uniforms and clothing for the US military services.
In 1949, after postwar market research showed a desire for women’s sportswear, the company introduced a line of wool clothing for women and the 49er jacket proved extremely popular. The reversible pleated skirt was also very popular.
In 1960, a little-known singing group known as the Pendletones was formed, taking their name from the classic Pendleton wool plaid shirt. This group later changed their name to The Beach Boys and the Pendleton shirt became popular among American youth.
In 1972 the company again expanded its product line with the introduction of non-wool garments for men and women. Many customers had a desire for the classic Pendleton look but wanted lighter clothing for spring and summer wear. Again the new line was a major success.
Retail distribution
Throughout the company’s history its products had been sold in specialty stores and selected department storesâ€"including, of course, C.P. Bishop’s original clothing store in Salem. In the 1980s Pendleton entered the retail business with a chain of company-owned and privately owned specialty stores that sold the full line of Pendleton products. The company also went into the mail-order business and regularly published its own catalogs. In the 1990s Pendleton expanded into internet sales, and in 2016 they launched a Canadian website.
The company today
As of 2009 the company is privately held and under the management of the Bishop family. C.M. Bishop III, the great-grandson of C.P. Bishop, is the president; great-grandsons John and Charles are vice presidents; and great-grandson Peter is the manager of the company’s catalog/internet division. The company operates eight facilities and 70 retail stores. Pendleton products are sold in the USA, Canada, Europe, Japan, and Korea.
The company headquarters are in Portland, Oregon. The original plants in Pendleton, Oregon, and Washougal, Washington, are among the few woolen mills in operation in the United States today, and Pendleton woolen fabrics and blankets are still woven in these Pacific Northwest mills.
Mission Mill Museum
The original Thomas Kay Woolen Mill in Salem was operated by the Kay family, who were related to the Bishops, until it was closed in 1962. The mill was later purchased by the Mission Mill Museum Association, a private, non-profit organization formed in 1964. Mission Mill Museum is the only woolen mill museum west of Missouri and has one of the few water-powered turbines in the Pacific Northwest that still generates electricity from a millrace.
See also
- Portland Woolen Mills
- Pendleton jacket
References
- Pendleton Woolen Mills: Company History
External links
- Official Pendleton Woolen Mills website
- Official Pendleton Canada website
- Hoovers.com: Report on Pendleton Woolen Mills, Inc.
- History of the Thomas Kay Woolen Mill in Salem, Oregon
- Salem Public Library Association: Biography of Thomas L. Kay
- Google Books: 1910 photo of Pendleton Woolen Mills workers â€" by Walter S. Bowman.
- Historic photo archive.com: 1934 photo of the Pendleton Woolen Mill
- SOS.state.or: photo of present day Pendleton Woolen Mill
- Tamastslikt.com: Designs of Pendleton Native American traditional-style blankets
- Indiantraders.com: Pendleton Native American traditional-style blankets
- Collectorsguide.com: Story on American Indian trade blankets
- Maybornmuseum.com: "Wrapped In Tradition: The Chihuly Collection of American Indian Trade Blankets" â€" show at Mayborn Museum Complex in Waco, Texas.
